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Bell Functionality Fuel Problems Sequence: Biodiesel Primer - The Great And The
Bell Overall performance Fuel Issues Series: Biodiesel Primer - The great As well as BadEXECUTIVE SUMMARYBiodiesel (fats converted into fuel) is a substantial player while in the fuels market, with manufacturing and use boosting exponentially because the mid-to-late 2000s. Biodiesel blends provide environmental and operational rewards for customers, such as increased cetane and lubricity, and reduced emissions. Biodiesel's most significant drawbacks are storage instability and gelling in cold weather conditions, which can change significantly based on the variety of oil from which the biodiesel was manufactured.What on earth is BIODIESEL?"Biodiesel" is really a unwanted fat that has been chemical altered by way of a sequence of reactions, leading to a chemical that can be burned within a diesel engine as fuel in put of typical #2 diesel fuel.Contrary to the terms which might be thrown about from the market and on World wide web message boards, the expression "biodiesel" refers only for the real "FAME" chemical that outcomes from your chemical conversion of unwanted fat into fuel. The legal definition of biodiesel is "a long chain fatty acid ester containing just one alcohol molecule on a single ester linkage". The acronym "FAME" stands for "fully alkylated methyl ester".Now some customers chat about placing directly raw vegetable oil or animal fat in their motor vehicle, referring to this practice as burning biodiesel fuel. On the other hand, raw vegetable oil chemically has a few ester linkages (instead of only one) and therefore is not legally defined as biodiesel. Raw vegetable has a distinct viscosity than biodiesel or diesel fuel (as much as 10x more), and burning it inside a diesel engine prospects to major time engine deposits, ring sticking and lube oil dilution. It is correct even if you simply extend out your fuel by including as tiny as 10% raw oil. The chemical conversion that turns raw vegetable oil into biodiesel FAME minimizes its viscosity to that of diesel fuel, enabling it to burn off like diesel does in the engine. Placing straight unconverted vegetable oil into your auto or boat is a recipe for engine complications and catastrophe, irrespective of what these people today say.The sole phrase "biodiesel" always refers to your 100% FAME solution. Pure biodiesel can be known as B100 (100% biodiesel). When biodiesel is mixed with diesel fuel, you obtain a "biodiesel blend" which is designated as "Bxx", relating towards the proportion of biodiesel within the overall mix. B2, B5, B11 and B20 would be the most popular and normally observed blends. Blends above 20% are less usually observed for the reason that engine makers do not warrant their engines to run on blends over 20% biodiesel. When you stay with B5 and that fuel is in specification, it can be illegal for an engine manufacturer to not honor the warranty. B2 and B5 are very commonly observed in states that have a biodiesel mandate, these as Minnesota and Louisiana. Minnesota was the 1st state inside the Union to mandate state-wide blending of biodiesel into all of their diesel fuel, starting in 2005.How can you MAKE BIODIESEL?The fundamental recipe for biodiesel is:100 units plant/animal oil + twenty models alcohol + catalyst ƒ 100 units of FAME feed stock + 10 models of recovered alcohol + ten models crude glycerin.Another way to produce biodiesel is to take 100 lbs body fat + 10 lbs short-chain alcohol (like methanol) + a catalyst (sodium or potassium hydroxide) to get a hundred lbs of biodiesel (about 13.5 gallons) and ten lbs of glycerin.These processes speak to why biodiesel manufacturing is relatively popular - the ingredients are cheap and easy to find plus the reaction processes are simple. The catalyst for the reaction is sodium hydroxide, as well as the short-chain alcohol most typically used is methanol, both cheap and easy to find. The downside to all of this is it truly is also easy for the small-time "backyard" biodiesel producer to produce biodiesel that of "out-of-spec" if they are not careful within their processes. The consumer can avoid these difficulties by only buying their biodiesel blend fuel from reputable suppliers.Benefits OF BIODIESEL USEBiodiesel blends give some great benefits for shoppers:1. Higher cetaneB100 incorporates a higher cetane number than most standard diesel fuels; high cetane rating means easier starting up for diesel engines and is comparable for the octane rating of gasoline. The cetane increase varies by the type of feed stock used to manufacture the biodiesel. Highly saturated fuels made from animal fats (like leftover frying animal grease) can have higher cetane ratings as high as 70; polyunsaturated feed stocks (which include soy and rape seed) are reduced, closer to a 47 cetane rating. Of course, this cetane increase is blunted by the proportion of the biodiesel combined into the blend - a B5 only has 5% biodiesel in it, so the cetane increase is only 5% of what it would have been at B100.2. Low Sulfur ContentBiodiesel is naturally low sulfur, which makes it easy to incorporate into a fuel system without running afoul of the stringent ultra low sulfur diesel regulations, where sulfur content is capped at a mere 15 parts per million.3. Superior LubricityMixing biodiesel into ultra-low sulfur diesel solves one particular of ultra-low sulfur (ULSD) diesel's biggest challenges - its lack of lubricity. Removing the sulfur from diesel fuel destroys many of the substances from the fuel which enable it to lubricate engine parts like injectors and fuel pumps. But adding as little as 2% biodiesel to a fuel mix gives 66% far more lubricity to #2 diesel than before.Having said that this lubricity increase is simply not a linear 1, as the curve of added lubricity benefit to percent biodiesel levels off as the composition approaches just 2.5%. So there is no additional benefit of added lubricity when comparing a B5 or a B20 to just a B2 mix.Still, 66% more lubricity is a wonderful benefit to have.4. Cleaner EmissionsThis is the biggest reason why cities and government entities have recently started to include more biodiesel within the fuel supplies for their municipal and transit fleets..Most large urban areas already fail EPA air standard qualities, putting them at risk of government action which could force them to adopt measures to improve air qualities or else lose federal monies. Taking action like switching to biodiesel blends can help meet these standards, and is also a excellent PR move, making the local government appear to be far more concerned about green troubles.What emissions benefit does biodiesel use give? Depending on the blend proportion, biodiesel combustion effects in decrease emissions for most measured emissions related to hydrocarbon combustion. Unburned hydrocarbons and particulate emissions (the nasty black smoke you can see coming through the stacks of diesel significant rigs) drops as much as 47-67% over directly diesel fuel alone.Biodiesel emissions have reduced levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PACs) and other harmful carbon ring compounds than traditional diesel fuel. A B20 blend will decrease those harmful compounds by 20-40%. This really is a very good thing mainly because PACs have been linked to causing cancer.NOx emissions are also targeted by the EPA simply because NOx contributes to ozone creation and poor air quality in urban areas (ozone in the sky is good; ozone on the ground hurts your lungs). Biodiesel includes a neutral to slightly negative effect on NOx emissions; however, these figures are in dispute by some groups like the National Biodiesel Board and so research is still ongoing.The story is unique when you go from a truck or boat to burning biodiesel in a home heating boiler system. NOx does decrease when biodiesel is burned in boilers/home heating oil, due to burner differences. When blended into heating oil, NOx emissions are reduced by 1% for each 1% biodiesel mix added. This reduction happens no matter what kind of feed stock used to make it..Complications AND Disadvantages WTH BIODIESEL USEBiodiesel's environmental added benefits are blunted by its fuel-related complications.1. Less BTU energy value than Diesel = Significantly less MileageRelative to weight, the biodiesel FAME molecule has much less energy than a diesel hydrocarbon chain molecule. Much less energy and reduce heat of combustion results in lower mileage.How much this drop is depends on who you ask and sometimes can be overstated. B100 has 8.5% a lot less energy per gallon than diesel fuel. The biggest part of the energy difference is due on the FAME made up of 12% greater oxygen - more oxygen rather than carbon. When you factor in differences in density, this energy difference is reduced to 8.5%, apples to apples.Typical energy values for the two fuels are 118,170 BTU for B100 vs 129,050 BTU for #2 diesel. Even so, at reduced blending ratios like B20, the drop just isn't noticeable by most drivers, due to the fact 80% of the blend is now diesel fuel. So when using B20 or B5, you'll get some mileage drop, but it's not going to be around the order of ten or 20% like some claim.2. Cold Flow problemsThe cold flow properties of biodiesel blends are highly dependent on the feed stock from which the biodiesel was manufactured. The level of saturation is the biggest factor here. Highly saturated feed stocks (palm oil, coconut oil, animal fats) have the worst cold flow properties but would be the most stable. The opposite is genuine for polyunsaturated feed stocks (rape seed, corn, canola oil) - they gel much less in cold weather but will be the most unstable.A typical B20 blend features a gel point 3-10 degrees F higher than regular diesel. The cloud point for most B100 starts at 30-32 deg F for mono- and poly-unsaturated feed stocks (most vegetable oils) but can be as much as 80 deg F for animal fats and highly saturated frying oils. When the fuel hits the cloud point, it gets hazy and will start the chain-reaction processes for gelling.Also problematic is that the biodiesel pour point is only a few degrees reduced than the cloud point. So when the fuel starts clouding up, it's going to gel up and develop into thick only a few degees below that. For example, soy FAME (pure B100) features a cloud point of 38 degrees F, CFPP of 28 and a pour point of 25 F. Other differences between cloud point and pour point are usually 8-10 degrees F total - not quite much.If feasible, gelled biodiesel is usually restored by heating the fuel to dissolve the precipitated crystals. To get crystals back into solution, the fuel needs to be warmed back up to 100-110 deg F to melt essentially the most highly saturated crystals back into solution. On the other hand this does not help you for those who are stuck inside the middle of nowhere with a tank full of gelled biodiesel.3. Materials CompatibilityThis is really only a problem in older engines which use older materials like nitrile rubber, polypropylene, polyvinyl, or Tygon. The same is true for older fuel storage systems. The average consumer with a a lot more contemporary car doesn't need to worry too much about it.For systems that contains these materials, they are all susceptible to attack from B100, which can damage these materials used in hoses and pump seals.4. Increased NOx EmissionsAs mentioned before, biodiesel can increase NOx production in internal combustion engines, which is bad for urban air quality. Just how much this increase is can fluctuate by feed stock; the difference in NOx emissions between high and low NOx feed stocks is about 15%.The composition of biodiesel determines how much NOx is produced. Far more highly unsaturated feed stocks produce higher NOx levels. Vegetable oil feed stocks are the most unsaturated and animals fats or tropical oils will be the least, so you would expect vegetable FAMEs like soy and canola to solution the worst benefits on NOx emissions.Why is this?Some past research has indicated that the elevated NOx production is related to differences in injection rates into the combustion chamber caused by biodiesel's higher "bulk modulus" (resistance to compression) and higher viscosity, which makes it a lot less compressible than regular diesel. More technically, the higher bulk modulus and higher speed of sounds of biodiesel means the pressure rises faster inside the fuel lines and develops an advance of nearly two degrees in injection timing from the engine. This in turn generates a faster pressure and temperature rise from the combustion chamber, leading to an increase in NOx.It really is apparent the best way to reduce NOx is by modification of engine technology. Retarding the engine timing by 1-5 degrees can bring B100 NOx down to diesel baselines or below. Unfortunately, the tradeoff for doing it is a reduction in power for the driver.5. Effects on engine lubricationBiodiesel use seems to have a negative effect on the engine lubrication. As proof, European engine manufacturers prescribe a 50-70% reduction in oil drain intervals with the use of blends previously mentioned B5. A practical reason for this might be that biodiesel's higher density and surface tension prospects to more fuel dilution of the lubrication inside crankcase.So should you use biodiesel and make a lot of short trips or drive in harsh or extreme conditions, it may be best to be more careful in how often you change your oil. Most suppliers recommend every 5,000 to 7,000 miles on regular fuel. Using biodiesel could mean you need to err on the reduced end of that scale.s6. Cleaning EffectsThe methyl esters in biodiesel have been used as low VOC (environmentally-friendly) cleaners for many year; they are excellent detergents. This can be not usually a good thing when you introduce them into a dirty storage or truck/boat fuel tank.When very first added to a fuel system, B100 dissolves any sediments present from the fuel filter and fuel storage tank and can cause fuel filter clogging and bursting, leading to injector deposits.It is recommended to clean tanks and fuel systems before initial introduction of B100 to a system. Luckily, B20 is too dilute to have a similar cleaning effect. So the average consumer may not have to worry about this too much.7. Stability IssuesThe typical shelf life for B100 designed from soy or canola oil is about four to six months in ideal conditions. Ultimately, the working storage life of biodiesel (like diesel) is dependent upon the storage conditions.For biodiesel, cold flow properties and stability seem to be corollaries - biodiesel with fantastic cold flow response have poor stability and vice-versa. Biodiesel is susceptible to oxidation from exposure to air, water, light and certain metals. When it undergoes these reactions, it to begin with becomes hazy, and then forms a thick precipitate gel. Analysis of this gel shows that it is mostly made up of organic compounds that happen to be directly produced by the "oxidative cleavage" of double-bonds in the biodiesel molecule. In other words, oxygen-containing compounds (including water) will chemically attack biodiesel and break it apart, producing a mixture of components that combine to produce biodiesel gel and sediment.What causes biodiesel breakdown?What kind of compounds can contribute to biodiesel instability and breakdown? Contact with air provides the oxygen necessary to fuel oxidation reactions that break the fuel down. Contact with water causes the biodiesel to hydrolyze and form organic acids, which are partly responsible for the compatibility difficulties with various rubbers. Contact with metals like tin and copper will degrade biodiesel and create sediments.Now one particular might think that these instability effects are lessened in the event you simply dilute biodiesel in a B20 or much less mix. But it is interesting to note that B100 does not produce sediments at the same rate that biodiesel blends like B5 and B20 will. It is mainly because B100's higher viscosity and greater concentration of chemical bonds act to disperse and suspend these oxidative compounds, preventing them from working together to accelerate the chain reactions that lead to sediment formation. So, as a general rule, B100 is far more stable than B20 and other biodiesel blends.When discussing biodiesel fuel stability, it's common to hear terms like Thermal Stability and Oxidative Stability. Thermal Stability refers to your fuel's ability to resist breakdown when exposed to heat for periods of time. B100 FAMEs tend to have fantastic thermal stability features, due for the feed stock use in common cooking applications. If thermal breakdown did occur, injector coking would be by far the most likely engine problem associated with the poor-quality fuel.Oxidative Stability is the fuel's ability to resist oxidation when exposed to factors like air, water, and certain metals. This is the biggest weakness of biodiesel. A person reason for susceptibility to oxidation is that the processing of some of the feed stocks can remove natural antioxidants from your compound. More highly saturated feed stock seems to be additional resistant to this and have better oxidative stability.Occurrences of biodiesel oxidation are even higher in erratically-used engines, this sort of as generators and seasonal vehicles. Biodiesel blends which can be stored for long periods of time accumulate water and are exposed to air and heat for long periods of time, and have the greatest chance of developing microbial contamination, which may produce further acids that accelerate fuel breakdown.Why is this bad for engines?Biodiesel which may be oxidized in this manner does not burn anywhere near as well as fresh biodiesel. Running this kind of fuel through the engine gives poor combustion, leading to a drop in mileage. Since it does not combust cleanly, it will form deposits inside the injections and within the combustion chamber, and this poor combustion also contributes to excessive emissions, meaning that you're going to lose some or all of the green emissions benefit you were getting by switching to biodiesel from the to begin with position.In addition to oxidative compounds like aldehydes and ketones, formic acid, acetic acid, other organic acids, water and methanol are common products produced by fuel degradation. These end products of the oxidation process may be harmful to fuel injector equipment and can cause problems this kind of as injector clogging, corrosion of FIE components, gelling at low temperatures, and fuel seal failure.COMPARISONS OF BIODIESEL FEED STOCKSIncrease demand and competition from the market mean that people today are making biodiesel from any feed stock they think could be suitable. As mentioned before, feed stocks give different characteristics to the biodiesel fuel, especially with respect to how stable they are and how well they resist gelling up in cold climate.Saturated feed stocks have high stability and cetane ratings, but have a high cloud point, meaning they gel up at higher temperatures. Coconut oil, yellow grease and animal fats are examples of saturated oilsMonounsaturated feed stocks are from the middle of the pack, with medium stability characteristics, cetane rating and cloud point. Examples of these feed stocks are peanut oil and canola oil. Some yellow greases also fall into this category if they are high in both saturated and monounsaturated components..Polyunsaturated feed stocks are most vegetables oils like soybean, corn and safflower oils. Biodiesel designed from these oil have low cetane ratings and poor stability characteristics but are most resistant to gelling up in cold climate.Intuitively a single would think that distinctive climates across the nation would spur producers to make biodiesel from only the feed stocks that give the cold flow and stability characteristics which have been most advantageous for that climate. Animal extra fat biodiesels should work best in climates like Florida (never gets cold but is often humid). Vegetable oil biodiesels (a lot less stable; better cold overall performance) should be preferred inside northern climates, whether it isn't as humid (better storage conditions) but tends to get colder.On the other hand, the market will often dictate what a producer will use to make fuel, and that means low price and availability will be the bigger concerns. That's correct all around the world, where various countries make biodiesel from what's available to them. In Canada, they use fish oil and beef tallow. Palm oil is frequently used in tropical countries like Ecuador and Indonesia. In Europe, rapeseed is kind. Everyone uses what works for them.BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONSOnly biodiesel FAME that meets all of the specification set down in ASTM D-6751 can legally be sold as "biodiesel". It is legally assumed that if the FAME meets specification and also the diesel fuel meets ASTM D-975 specifications, then any biodiesel blend manufactured from those fuels will be in spec. The biodiesel specification ensures that the fuel meets minimum requirements for properties like Flash Point (ensures that it burns properly within the engine), Acid Number (ensures the fuel continues to be properly created and is simply not already becoming unstable) and Free Glycerin (ensures all the waste glycerin may be washed from your fuel). The ASTM specification includes these and about ten other properties. If the biodiesel is properly designed, it will meet all these standards. If not, then it brings the potential for engine and performance difficulties for the consumer. As a consumer, buying your fuel from reputable suppliers will ensure your fuel meets this specification and won't give you any concerns..CONCLUSIONBiodiesel blends offer you helpful added benefits to people who are willing and able to side-step the issues associated with it. Many of these troubles can be blunted by treating the fuel with an aftermarket item, of which there are many. As a consumer, you should expect many years of long-life from your equipment running on biodiesel.
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Frequently Asked Questions...
Biodiesel Question Please help?
Hi I'm trying to make Bio diesel and was wondering how many Mico do I have to filter it down too before I can put it in my car and it won't mess up my engine? And also how do you dewater the biodiesel?
Answer:
5 microns would do for a final filter but you should do a bigger prefilter if you can.
The water after is is made will settle to the bottom or it should any way. It may take a day or so but it should and then you can also get a water separator and filter combination if you are not sure it is all removed just to be on the safe side.



































































































